AIと対決！「人間」vs「ChatGPT4」：英語バトル誰が勝つ？

①probablyの意味はどれか。
ア、かなり
イ、たぶん
ウ、稀に
エ、しばしば
②evolutionの意味はどれか。
ア、要素
イ、革命
ウ、進化
エ、大切
③flourishの意味はどれか。
ア、繁栄する
イ、滅亡する
ウ、運搬する
エ、破壊する
④「説明」を英語にすると、_x________n（11文字）
⑤「単独で」を英語にすると、__l__y(6文字)
⑥「侵入、侵略」を英語にすると、i___s__n（8文字）

・()に適切な英単語を入れなさい
⑦「結局」を英語にすると、(_) all
⑧「～を支援する」を英語にすると、stand (_) ,「～を願う」を英語にすると、hope (_)
⑨「たとえあるとしても」を英語にすると、if (_),「どちらかといえば」は、if (_)
⑩「～にもかかわらず」を英語にすると、in (_) of
⑪「要するに」を英語にすると、in (_),in (_)の2つの書き方がある。

⑫earの発音が他の3つと異なるものはどれか。
ア、appear
イ、fear
ウ、gear
エ、swear

⑬第一アクセントの位置が他の3つと異なるものはどれか。
ア、assembly
イ、correspond
ウ、distinguish
エ、expensive

・()に入れるのに最も適切なものをア～エのうちから一つずつ選べ。
⑭If you are in a hurry, you should call Double Quick Taxi because they usually come in ( ) time.
ア、any
イ、few
ウ、no
エ、some

⑮Text messaging has become a common ( ) of communication between individuals.
ア、mean
イ、meaning
ウ、means
エ、meant

⑯My plans for studying abroad depend on ( ) I can get a scholarship.
ア、that
イ、what
ウ、whether
エ、which

⑰I was ( A ) when I watched the completely ( B ) ending of the movie.
ア、A：shocked B:surprised
イ、A：shocked B:surprising
ウ、A：shocking B:surprised
エ、A：shocking B:surprising

・それぞれ下のア～カの語句を並びかえて空所を補い、最も適当な文を完成させよ。解答は、A、Bに入れるものの記号のみ答えよ。
⑱David: What’s the plan for your trip to England?
Saki: I’ll spend the first few days in London and then be in Cambridge ( )( A )( )( )( B )( ).
ア、for
イ、my
ウ、of
エ、rest
オ、stay
カ、the

⑲Evan: I want to buy my first computer, but I don’t know which one I should get.
Sam: Don’t worry. Electronic stores always have experts available to give advice ( )( A )( )( )( B )( ) using computers.
ア、aren’t
イ、familiar
ウ、those
エ、to
オ、who
カ、with

⑳Peter: It might rain this weekend, so I wonder if we should still have the class barbecue in the park.
Hikaru: Yeah, we have to decide now whether to hold it ( )( A )( )( )( B )( ) until some day next week. We should have thought about the chance of rain.
ア、as
イ、it
ウ、off
エ、or
オ、planned
カ、put

・次の問いのパラグラフ（段落）には，まとまりをよくするために取り除いた方がよい文が一つある。取り除く文として最も適当なものをア～エから1つ選べ。
㉑In response to the problem of the world’s growing demand for animal protein, a conference was held to discuss the various benefits of using insects as an alternative source of food to pigs, chickens, and cows.ア「It isn’t well known, but insects are an extremely healthy food as they are full of protein,vitamins, and minerals.」 イ「Insects have been around for millions of years,living with the dinosaurs and then very early human beings.」 ウ「Raising insects can be environmentally friendly as they neither take up much space, eat much food, nor release much greenhouse gas.」 エ「Most are able to survive with little water, making them an ideal alternative food for locations with severe water shortages.」 The evidence shows that there are many benefits of using insects as food. It just may take time to change people’s minds about eating them.

㉒In the early history of the NBA, the biggest professional basketball league in North America, the games were often low scoring and, as a result, not always exciting. ア「A prime example was a game between the Lakers and the Pistons in １９５０.」 The result of the game was a １９―１８ win for the Pistons.These games frustrated fans of the day, and this became a major motivation to introduce a new rule to increase scoring: a ２４-second limit for each shot.イ「The pressure of the time limit caused players to miss their shots more often.」ウ「After much discussion, the rule was first used in an official game on October ３０, １９５４.」エ「 Ever since, individual teams have often scored over １００ points in a game.」 This simple change made the game more exciting and saved the league.

㉓次の会話は，慈善活動の企画に関して大学生たちが行ったやりとりの一部である。 ( A )~( C )に入れるのに最も適当なものを，一つずつ選べ。
Akira: Hey, guys. Thanks for dropping in. I’ve asked you all to meet here today to come up with ideas about how to raise money for our annual charity event. We’ll have about a month this summer to earn as much as we can. Any thoughts?
Teresa: How about doing odd jobs around the neighborhood?
Akira: What’s that? I’ve never heard of it.
Jenna: Oh, I guess it’s not common here in Japan. It can be anything, you know, doing stuff around the house like cutting the grass, washing the windows, or cleaning out the garage. When I was a high school student back in the US, I made ３００ dollars one summer by doing yard work around the neighborhood. And sometimes people will ask you to run around town for them to pick up the dry cleaning or do the grocery shopping. It’s a pretty typical way for young people to earn some extra money.
Akira: So, Jenna, you’re saying that ( A ) ?

ア、cleaning up the yard is quite valuable work
イ、dividing housework among the family is best
ウ、doing random jobs is a way to make money
エ、gardening will surely be profitable in the US

Jenna: Yeah. I think that it could work in Japan, too.
Rudy: Here, many students do part-time jobs for local businesses. They might work at a restaurant or convenience store. Odd jobs are different. You’re more like a kind of helper. It’s a casual style of working. You get paid directly by the people you help, not a company.And you can decide which jobs you want to do.
Maya: But isn’t it dangerous? Usually, people are unwilling to enter a house of someone they don’t know. And what happens if you don’t get paid?How can you get the money you earned?
Rudy: Not all jobs are inside the house. You can choose the kind of work that you’re comfortable with. In my experience, I never got cheated.Basically, we work for people in our own community, so we sort of know them. Often, they are older people who have lived in the neighborhood a long time. And I always got paid in cash, so I was excited to have money to spend.
Teresa: There are a lot of seniors in our community. I’m sure they’d be happy to have someone do the heavy lifting, or even just to see a friendly face around. I really doubt that they would take advantage of us. In general, don’t you think most people are honest and kind?
Akira: It sounds like we shouldn’t be too worried because ( B ).

ア、elderly people would feel uneasy about our work
イ、it’s embarrassing to ask our neighbors for work
ウ、there’s little risk in working within our community
エ、we can be safe if we work for a company in town

Dan: Is it OK to get paid for volunteer work? Shouldn’t we work for elderly people out of the goodness of our hearts? I think helping people is its own reward.
Kana: If we explain our purpose clearly from the beginning, to raise money for the charity, I think people will be glad to help us. And it’s not like we’re charging ５，０００ yen per hour. Why don’t we suggest ５００ yen per hour? It’s a lot more reasonable than asking some company to do the job.
Maya: Don’t you have to pay any taxes? What happens if the government finds out?
Jenna: I don’t think we’re breaking any laws. That’s the way it works in the US, anyway. Just to be on the safe side, though, let’s ask someone at the city tax office.
Akira: OK, thanks for all of your great ideas. I think we made a lot of progress. According to the suggestions made today, it looks like our next step is to ( C ) . Right?

ア、consider being totally honest with each other
イ、look for part-time jobs that have high wages
ウ、provide useful services for free to neighbors
エ、think of a plan that works for our local area

Jenna: Sounds good.

㉔フリーマーケットの出店申請の説明を読み，次の問いの( A )～( D )に入れるのに最も適当なものを，それぞれ下のア～エのうちから一つずつ選べ。
Greenly Fall Flea Market
We are now accepting applications for the Fall Flea Market at Greenly Sports Center! Please bring your used and/or handmade goods. We have only a limited number of spaces and accept applications in order of arrival, so email your application soon. We are a pet-friendly market, but if you are planning to bring your pet, you must apply for an outdoor space. For outdoor spaces, the organizers will help set up tents for no extra charge. Trucks are available for additional fees if you need to transport your goods.
Saturday, October ３rd
（１３:００―１７:００）
Sunday, October ４th
（１０:００―１５:００）
Indoor space
（２ × ２ meters） $８(October ３rd) $１０(October ４th)
Outdoor space
（４ × ４ meters） $９(October ３rd) $１１(October ４th)
Water is available for indoor spaces.
If you apply for both Saturday and Sunday, you’ll get a $２ discount each day.

Keep in Mind
１．Location of the spaces is decided by the organizers. No requests or changes are possible.
２．Any changes in opening and closing times are announced two days in advance.
３．If you cancel your application, ８０％ of all fees will be refunded.
４．Garbage must be separated and put into the appropriate garbage cans at the end of each day.
５．Fires and open flames are prohibited.

・Fran will sell her handmade jewelry on both days. She needs only a small space. How much will it cost?( A )
ア、$１４
イ、$１６
ウ、$１８
エ、$２０

・Pat wants to sell some big household items, including a refrigerator, so she needs an outdoor space. What offer can she take advantage of?( B )
ア、Free assistance in setting up her tent
イ、Full cash refund due to cancelation
ウ、Selection of the location of her space
エ、Use of a large truck free of charge

・Mark makes herbal soaps and candles. He has chosen an indoor space.Which of the following will he be allowed to do?( C )
ア、Choose a space close to the sink to get water easily
イ、Have a bowl of water for customers to try his soaps
ウ、Keep his pet hamsters in a cage at his booth
エ、Let his customers light some sample candles

・Which of the following is true about this flea market? ( D )
ア、People are discouraged from selling items they created.
イ、People can throw away anything in the same trash can.
ウ、The organizers choose applicants who apply for both days.
エ、The organizers provide information about schedule updates.

㉕次の文章を読み、下の問いの( A )～( E )に入れるのに最も適当なものを、それぞれ下のア～エのうちから一つずつ選べ。
A couple of weeks ago, I was hiking with my dog on a mountain when something unexpected happened and I lost sight of him. I looked and looked but couldn’t find him. He had been with me for so long that it was like I was missing part of my soul.
Ever since that day, I had a strange feeling. It was beyond sadness―a feeling that I didn’t quite understand, as if something were pulling me to go back to the mountain. So every chance I got, I grabbed my backpack to see if the mountain could offer me some sense of relief.
One sunny morning, I stood at the foot of the mountain. Something felt different this day. “Please forgive me,” I said out loud. “I’ll find you!” I took a deep breath and began my journey with this mysterious pull growing stronger. After making my way along paths I thought I knew well, I realized I was somehow in an unfamiliar place. I panicked a little, lost my footing, and slipped. From out of nowhere, an elderly man came running towards me and helped me up.
Looking at his gentle, smiling face, I felt a sense of ease. The old man said he was looking for a way to the top of the mountain, so we decided to climb together.
Soon the path began to feel familiar again. We talked about many things,including my dog. I told him that he was a German shepherd. When he was younger, he served briefly as a police dog but had to stop due to an injury.The man let out a laugh saying he had been a police officer for a short time,but he quit. He didn’t say why. Later, he spent a long time as a bodyguard.He also had German roots. We laughed at these similarities.
Before we knew it, we reached a large open area and took a break. I told the man what had happened to my dog. “He had a tiny bell on his collar to scare away bears. We came to this very spot and saw a bear. It was looking back at us. I should have held my dog because, sensing danger, he chased after the bear. I couldn’t find him after that. I should have been more careful.”
As I was telling the story, the man’s expression changed. “It wasn’t your fault. Your dog just wanted to keep you safe,” he said. “I’m sure Tomo would want to tell you this. Also, thank you for not giving up.”
Tomo is my dog’s name. Did I tell him this? The old man’s comment rang in the air.
Before I could ask anything, the man proposed we hurry to get to the top of the mountain. I was planning to do this with my dog a few weeks ago.
After two more hours of hiking, we reached the peak. I set down my backpack and we sat taking in the magnificent view. The old man looked at me and said,“Mountains offer truly magical experiences.”
I looked around for a place to rest. I guess I was pretty tired, because I fell asleep right away. When I woke up, I noticed that the old man had disappeared. I waited, but he never returned.
Suddenly, in the sunlight, something caught my eye. I walked over and
saw a small metal tag beside my backpack. It was the same silver name tag that my parents originally gave to my dog. Tomo it said.
It was then that I heard a familiar noise behind me. It was the ringing of a tiny bell. I turned around. What I saw caused so many emotions to rush over me.
After a while on the mountaintop, I attached the name tag to my old friend and carefully made my way home with the mountain’s gift beside me.My soul felt very much complete.

・The author kept returning to the mountain because ( A ).
ア、she felt an urge she couldn’t explain
イ、she planned to meet the elderly man
ウ、she thought she could practice magic
エ、she wanted to find out about the bear

・Which of the following happened first on the author’s most recent trip?( B )
ア、She arrived at a large open area.
イ、She climbed to the mountaintop.
ウ、She saw a bear running away.
エ、She was assisted by an old man.

・What similarity between the author’s dog and the old man was talked about?( C )
ア、They experienced workplace injuries.
イ、They recently lost close family friends.
ウ、They were acquaintances of the author.
エ、They worked to help protect the public.

・Which of the following is closest to the meaning of the underlined phrase rang in the air as used in the text?( D )
ア、brought happiness
イ、left an impression
ウ、made a loud noise
エ、seemed offensive

・How did the author’s feelings change over the course of the last hiking experience?( E )
ア、She was depressed and then became sadder.
イ、She was determined and then became comforted.
ウ、She was hopeful but then became homesick.
エ、She was miserable but then became entertained.

㉖次の文章を読み、下の問いの( A )～( E )に入れるのに最も適当なものを、それぞれ下のア～エのうちから一つずつ選べ。なお，文章の左にある(1)~(6)はパラグラフ（段落）の番号を表している。

(1) Vending machines are so common in Japan that you can find one almost anywhere you go. Some of these machines sell train or meal tickets, and others sell snacks or drinks. They are especially useful for people who want to get something quickly and conveniently.
(2) While vending machines are found throughout the country today, they were not originally developed in Japan. It is generally believed that the first one was constructed by a Greek mathematics teacher about ２，２００ years ago.This machine sold special water used in prayers at temples. People who wanted to purchase the water put in a coin, which hit a metal lever attached to a string. Then, the weight of the coin let a specific amount of water pour out until the coin fell off. This ensured that people received an equal portion of the special water.
(3) About １，０００ years ago, a vending machine that sold pencils was developed in China. Later, in the １７００s, coin-operated tobacco boxes appeared in English bars. When people wanted the product sold by one of these boxes, they inserted a coin and turned a lever. The product then dropped down for the customer to pick up. However, it was not until the
１８８０s that vending machines spread around the world. In １８８３, an English inventor created one that sold postcards and paper. This became popular,and soon vending machines selling paper, stamps, and other goods appeared in many countries. In １９０４, vending machines came into service in Japan. In １９２６, technology had advanced and machines could be set to sell products with different prices. After that, a wider variety of products were sold.When this happened, the vending machine industry expanded rapidly.
(4) The greatest problem faced by the global vending machine industry in its expansion was not the use of coins; it was paper money. This was a challenge as it proved easy for dishonest individuals to make money that could fool machines. This forced the vending machine industry to establish better detection methods and was one reason countries took steps to develop money that was difficult to counterfeit. Now, vending machines have become technologically advanced, not only to prevent problems with cash but also to accept credit cards and more recent forms of electronic payment.
(5) It is in Japan that vending machines have become most popular.Currently, Japan has more than ４．２ million vending machines, with about ５５％ of them selling beverages such as tea, coffee, and juice. One of the main reasons Japan has become the vending machine capital of the world is its overall level of safety. Unlike many places, where vending machines must be monitored to prevent theft, they can be placed virtually anywhere in Japan. This extraordinary degree of public safety is considered amazing by visitors, as well as the range of products available. Tourists often take pictures of machines that sell unexpected products like bananas, fresh eggs, and bags of rice. It is understandable that visitors see them as one aspect particular to Japanese culture.
(6) Given the popularity and usefulness of vending machines, it is unlikely that they will disappear anytime in the near future. They provide a place where various goods can be sold without the need for a sales clerk. The next time you want to purchase a hot drink on a cold day, remember that, in Japan at least, there is probably a vending machine just around the next corner.

・According to paragraph (2), what was the first vending machine capable of doing?( A )
ア、Allowing people to acquire a fixed amount of liquid from it
イ、Offering books of ancient Greek mathematical principles
ウ、Permitting visitors to enter temples when they wanted to pray
エ、Providing a regular income to the person who created it

・According to paragraph (3), which of the following statements about vending machines is true?( B )
ア、An English inventor’s vending machine sold goods at various prices.
イ、Sales by vending machines increased when high value coins appeared.
ウ、Vending machine technology was found in Asia many centuries ago.
エ、Vending machines were common in the world by the １８th century.

・Which of the following is closest to the meaning of the underlined word counterfeit in paragraph (4)?( C )
ア、accept illegal exchanges
イ、create unauthorized imitations
ウ、restrict unapproved technology
エ、withdraw unnecessary support

・According to paragraph (5), what is true about vending machines in Japan?( D )
ア、Foreign tourists hesitate to make purchases from them.
イ、Over three quarters of them sell a variety of drinks.
ウ、The highly safe products sold in them attract customers.
エ、The variety of items makes them unique in the world.

・What would be the best title for this passage?( E )
ア、The Cultural Benefits of Vending Machines in Japanese Society
イ、The Development of Vending Machines From Historical Perspectives
ウ、The Economic Impact of Vending Machines by International Comparison
エ、The Globalization of Vending Machines Through Modern Technology

・次の表は、本文のパラグラフ（段落）の構成と内容をまとめたものである。(2)~(5)に入れるのに最も適当なものを、下のア～エのうちから一つずつ選び、表を完成させよ。ただし、同じものを繰り返し選んではいけない。
Paragraph Content
(1): Introduction
(2):
(3):
(4):
(5):
(6): Conclusion

ア、A certain factor that has allowed vending machines to exist widely in one country
イ、Creation of one vending machine and a description of how the device was used
ウ、Difficulties in building vending machines after introducing a different form of money
エ、Types of vending machine goods sold at different locations in the past

㉗To complete each item,choose the best word or phrase from among the four choices.
Oscar is well-known for his friendly personality and good manners.Every morning,he ( ) greets everyone in the office as he walks toward his desk.
ア、scarcely
イ、courteously
ウ、tediously
エ、obnoxiously

㉘Miki loved her parents’ summer house in the countryside.There was a lovely lake nearby,and the ( ) environment provided the perfect escape from the busy city.
ア、scrawny
イ、placid
ウ、clamorous
エ、morose

㉙Martina and her husband ( ) their daughter.They give her continuous praise and buy her just about anything she wants.
ア、gear up
イ、lay into
ウ、dote on
エ、root around

㉚Ⅰ.Read TextⅠ.Choose the best option from a-d for questions 1-9.
[1]Why do we care so strongly about what other people do,even when their actions won’t affect us?And how do we decide that someone else has done something wrong?These questions are at the heart of moral psychology,and psychologists’ answers to these questions have changed with intellectual fashion.Historically,psychologists have disagreed about whether moral judgments are primarily products of emotional and non-rational processes or of reasoning and ‘higher’ cognition_thinking.Recently,however,findings from several areas of cognitive neuroscience have begun to agree on an answer: emotions and reasoning both matter,but automatic emotional processes tend to dominate.
[2]During the cognitive revolution of the 1950s and 1960s,behaviorist and Freudian theories gave way to mental models and information processing as the preferred framework in psychology.In the moral domain,Lawrence Kohlberg was a part of this revolution.According to Kohlberg,moral growth is driven not by simple brain maturation but rather by experience in ‘role taking’,or looking at a problem from multiple perspectives.Role taking improves moral reasoning,and moral reasoning,Kohlberg thought,drives moral judgment.
[3]But as the cognitive revolution matured in the 1980s,many researchers began calling for a complementary ‘affective revolution’.Kohlberg’s focus on moral reasoning seemed to ignore the importance of moral emotions.At the same time,new finding in evolutionary psychology and primatology_the study of apes_began to point to the origins of human morality in a set of emotions(linked to expanding cognitive abilities)that make individuals care about the welfare of others,including feelings of sympathy,and about cooperation,cheating,and norm-following,including feelings of shame,gratitude and vengeance.
[4]In the 1990s,the affective revolution was reinforced by a new focus on ‘automaticity’_the mind’s ability to solve many problems,including high-level social ones,unconsciously and automatically.A recent comprehensive model,the social intuitionist model,brings together research on automaticity with findings in neuroscience and theory in evolutionaly psychology.This model suggests that moral judgment is much lile aesthetic judgment:we see an action or hear a story and we have an instant feeling of approval or disapproval.These feelings are best thought of as affect-laden intuitions,as they appear suddenly and effortlessly in consciousness,with an affective valence(good or bad),but without any feelings of having gone thoughsteps of searching,weighing evidence,or inferring a conclusion.( A )_for example,about reciprocity,loyalty,purity,suffering_are shaped by natural selection,as well as by cultual forces.People certainly do engage in moral reasoning,but these processes are typically one-sided efforts in support of pre-ordained conclusions.(As Williams James said,’A great many people think they are thinking when they are merely rearranging their prejudices.’)Moral reasoning matters,but it matters primarilly in social contexts in which people try to influence each other and reach consensus with friends and allies.

Questions 1-9 refer to Text Ⅰ.
1.What is the main role of paragraph[1] in Text Ⅰ?
a.It raises the issue of intellectual fashion.
b.It explains the purpose of cognitive neuroscience.
c.It provides examples of moral judgments.
d.It introduces what the text is about.

2.According to the development of the models described in Text Ⅰ,which of the following is the correct order of hypotheses (ⅰ)-(ⅳ)?
(ⅰ)The human mind is able to solve high-level social problems unconsciously.
(ⅱ)Moral reasoning is developed by looking at a problem from more than one perspective.
(ⅲ)Moral reasoning is influenced primarily by moral emotions.
(ⅳ)Moral judgment is shaped by natural selection and cultural forces.
a.(ⅰ)-(ⅱ)-(ⅲ)-(ⅳ)
b.(ⅱ)-(ⅲ)-(ⅰ)-(ⅳ)
c.(ⅲ)-(ⅰ)-(ⅳ)-(ⅱ)
d.(ⅱ)-(ⅰ)-(ⅲ)-(ⅳ)

3.What occurred during the first twenty years of the cognitive revolution?
a.Moral emotions played an important role.
b.Mental models and information processing were rejected.
c.Kohlberg’s model was proposed.
d.Behaviorist and Freudian theories were introduced.

4.Which of the following best fits in blank A in paragraph[4]?
a.These steps
b.Many models
c.These feelings
d.Many problems

5.In paragraph[4],which of the following is equivalent in meaning to pre-ordained conclusions?
a.morality models
b.prejudices
c.social contexts
d.consensus with friends

6.Which of the following is a correct statement about the social intuitionist model?
a.This model is most influenced by evolutionary psychology.
b.This model appeared before behaviorist and Freudian theories.
c.This model predicts that human moral judgment is the same as that of the apes.
d.This model is based on automaticity,neuroscience,and evolutionary psychology.

7.What does conscious reasoning do in the social intuitionist model?
a.It supports moral judgments
b.It appeals to moral judgments.
c.It guides moral judgments.
d.It evaluates moral judgments.

8.According to one of the models described in Text Ⅰ,people foster moral development by experiencing problems.
Which of the following is the period in which such a model was developed?
a.pre 1950s
b.1950s and 1960s
c.1980s
d.1990s

9.What is the best title of Text Ⅰ?
a.Human Intuitions for Moral Reasoning
b.Origins of Human Morality and the Affective Revolution
c.Development of Moral Judgment Models
d.The Dominance of Automatic Emotional Processes